Incense burner in the form of a lion,

11th–12th century

As in other traditions, the arts of the Islamic world are deeply rooted in multisensory experiences, in which objects such as these have enhanced and supported the secular and religious happenings of daily life. In sacred spaces, the scent of incense, combined with chants and recitations, aided in connecting worshippers with sacred text and with the Divine. In private residences and royal palaces, incense burners were used to convey purity and sanctity. Vessels were specially crafted to hold substances that heighten the senses in order to create a transformative religious experience. Some Muslims—particularly those who followed Sufism, the mystical sect of Islam—believed that intoxication from drinking wine helped heighten a spiritual transformation, and the ceremonial pouring of wine from intricately carved flasks appealed to the eyes. The cosmetic powder kohl was believed to have protective properties and to sharpen the senses, particularly vision.

Fatih Han, PhD candidate, Department of Art & Archaeology,
Princeton University