Body in Health and Illness
Discussion goals
By placing each work in a historical context, and by considering its technique and materials, students will be encouraged to relate it to an artist’s interest in anatomy and proportion, representations of bodies as healthful or suffering, and relationships between the depicted bodies and the viewer’s body.
Objects for Discussion
Bernini’s graphic oeuvre, which largely consists of quick sketches for sculptural and architectural projects, includes a handful of finished red-chalk life studies of muscular male nudes, later known as academies. These may have been made as demonstration pieces in the context of the informal life-drawing classes that Bernini is said to have staged in his studio. Modest in scale yet powerfully three-dimensional in effect, this relatively early example displays Bernini’s ability to convey theatrical monumentality on paper. Through his economical handling of red and white chalks, surface and contour are expressively transformed by flickering light and surrounding atmosphere.
Conversations prompts
- Describe the pose of the figure. Which traits does Bernini seems particularly interested in capturing?
- What are some of the specific effects of the medium of red chalk on paper? How do they complement the representation of the nude figure?
Carlo Coppola’s The Pestilence of 1656 is an exceptionally grim portrayal of Naples’s most devastating bout with the black death. The narrative unfolds on a metaphorical battlefield covered with bodies and devoid of any suggestion of divine intercession in aid of the sick. Poignant details include an infant nursing from his dead mother’s breast, and a figure with a cloth covering his face—a detail speaking to the odor of the decaying bodies as well as the fear of contracting the plague through putrid air, a false but widespread contemporary belief.
Conversation prompts
- What are the relationships between the living and the sick or dead in this painting?
- How did Coppola use contrasts in light and color to move the viewer’s gaze across the composition?
- What are some of the differences in the ways Coppola depicted the bodies of the living versus the bodies of the dead?
Working in New York City’s East Village during the late 1980s—when the newly defined AIDS epidemic was exacerbated by federal neglect and societal prejudice—David Wojnarowicz depicted moments often silenced by homophobia and fear. Before his death from an illness related to the virus, Wojnarowitz’s multimedia work engaged in a radical honesty that drew on intimate experiences to pry open legal and social exclusions. In 1986, the cartoonist James Romberger began working with Wojnarowicz on a graphic memoir of Wojnarowicz’s life, from his years as a homeless teenager to his struggles with AIDS; Wojnarowicz died before they could complete the book together. Romberger continued to work on the manuscript, published in 1996 as 7 Miles a Second. In this screenprint of one of the layouts, an explosion and fusion of bodies manages to feel horrific and also intimate. Likewise, Wojnarowicz’s autobiographical writings convey both rage and vulnerability: “It makes me weep to feel the history of you of your flesh beneath my hands at a time of so much loss . . . All these moments will be lost in time like tears in the rain.”
Conversation prompts
- What effect does the comic book-like format of the scenes have on the viewer’s reading? How do the text and images relate to one another? In what order do you read the scenes?
- Is this a hopeful image? Why or why not?
- How does the autobiographical nature of this work inform your reading of the relationship between caregiver and the ill?
In Scarred Chest, the muscled torso of a black man fills the frame. Although he is seemingly in perfect physical shape, his pectoral muscles are marred by nine Nike swoop-shaped scars. While these raised shapes are reminiscent of extant photographs of the latticework scars left by the lacerations of a slave-owner’s whip, Thomas is also referring to the historical punishment of branding runaway slaves, often on their chests or shoulders. This branding, like that used by Nike more than a century later, was meant to signal an identifiable product. Thomas inserted the scars onto his model’s body through digital manipulation, using the Nike logo as a means of calling attention to how slavery, sports, and African American history are entangled.
Conversation prompts
- What effect do the scale of this work and its cropping have?
- In superimposing scarification marks, what other images does Willis’s photograph call to mind?
- Is this a powerful or susceptible body? Explain.