On view
Uk’ib (drinking cup) depicting a mythological scene,
670–750
With graceful, sure lines painted on a cream ground, this famous Maya chocolate-drinking cup, known as the Princeton Vase, presents a story that stretches around the entire vessel. Subtle visual devices link the primary scenes and encourage the viewer to rotate the vessel, allowing the story to unfold. Here, for example, a young noblewoman taps the foot of the woman in front of her while turning her head in the opposite direction: She bridges two scenes and encourages her companion, as well as the viewer, to shift her attention around the vase. A thin, meandering line connects the mouth of the old man to the hieroglyphic text that records his speech, just above the woman’s head. Frustratingly, surface accretions in this area of the vessel have hindered decipherment of this key piece of textual information.
The dramatic scene of human sacrifice on this side of the drinking cup was long thought to depict a scene recorded in the colonial-period K’iche’ Maya manuscript known as the Popol Vuh, in which the Hero Twins disguise themselves and trick the lords of the underworld into requesting their own decapitations. The elaborately costumed actors do not, however, share features with the Hero Twins as they normally appear in this era. Their victim may be a supernatural scribe, perhaps one whose place in the royal court of God L, the patron deity of trade and tobacco, has been taken by the rabbit scribe portrayed on the other side of the vessel. Some other Maya vase paintings depict moments in the humorous humiliation of God L, in which the rabbit is a key actor on behalf of the Sky God and the Moon Goddess.
A woman standing with her head bent in concentration holds a vessel similar in size and shape to the uk’ib on which it is painted. A stream of liquid chocolate pours down from it into another similar vessel, now barely visible. In this method of preparation, chocolate was frothed for drinking in a vessel like this one, as specified by one of the hieroglyphic texts on the vessel. The vertical pier represents the rear wall of a palace structure, marking the boundaries of the overall composition on this vase. This self-referential vignette, which shows the vessel in use at the end of the narrative, functions as a sort of coda.
On this side of the drinking cup, curtains, used as doors by the ancient Maya, have been drawn to reveal an old, toothless underworld god. He sits on a throne within a palace, represented by the pier behind him and a cornice above. This deity, known as God L, wears his characteristic brocaded shawl and a broad-brimmed hat bedecked with owl feathers and a taxidermy owl. In addition to ruling the Maya underworld, God L was the patron deity of tobacco and merchants. Five elegant female figures—possibly concubines—surround him. Each wears a loose, flowing sarong and earrings, necklaces, and wristlets. A rabbit scribe, who might be spying on God L, sits below, writing in a book. God L ties a wristlet on the woman before him, but her attention is about to shift as another woman taps on her heel.
More Context
Handbook Entry
The masterful calligraphic painting on the Princeton Vase is the finest known example of Maya "codex style" ceramic art. Graceful, sure lines painted on a cream slip present a theatrically composed mythological scene, while subtle visual devices encourage the viewer to turn the drinking vessel, adding a temporal unfolding to the visual experience. On one side (seen here), an old, toothless underworld god sits on a throne that is placed within a conventionalized depiction of a palace structure, represented by the pier behind him and what is likely a cornice above. The cornice is adorned with two jawless jaguars framing a frontal shark face. Curtains, which were used as doors among the ancient Maya, have been furled and tied to reveal the old lord seated within. This deity, known among scholars as God L, wears his characteristic open-weave brocaded shawl and broad-brimmed hat bedecked with owl feathers and a stuffed owl with wings outstretched. In addition to ruling Xibalba, the Maya underworld, God L was the patron deity of tobacco and merchants. Five elegant female figures — daughters or concubines — surround him. Each wears a loose, flowing sarong, decorated with batik-like dyed patterns rendered in soft brown wash, and jewelry at the ears, neck, and wrists. One of the women behind God L pours chocolate, frothing the bitter delicacy from a vessel of the same form as the Princeton Vase. A rabbit scribe, who may be spying on God L, sits below, recording the actions of the scene in a book with jaguar-pelt covers. God L delicately ties a bracelet on the woman before him, while another woman taps her foot to draw her attention—and the viewer’s—to the gruesome scene at left, in which two men wearing elaborate masks and wielding axes decapitate a bound and stripped figure. The victim’s serpent-umbilicus curls out to bite one of the executioners. The scene closely parallels a portion of the <em>Popol Vuh</em>, a sixteenth-century K’iche’ Maya mythological narrative wherein the Hero Twins trick the lords of the underworld into requesting their own decapitations. As is common in mythological narratives throughout the Americas, these heroes win the day not through Herculean feats of brute strength, but through cunning, and often humorous, trickery. The formulaic texts at the upper edge of the Princeton Vase serve to consecrate the vessel, to specify that it was intended for drinking "maize tree" chocolate, and to designate its owner, a lord named <em>Muwaan K’uk’</em>. The vase would have been used in courtly feasts similar to the scene depicted.
More About This Object
Information
670–750
North America, Guatemala, Petén, Mirador Basin, Nakbé region
North America, Mexico, Campeche, Kaanu’l
MS1404
By April, 1971, Arte Primitivo, Inc. (William Kaplan), New York [1]; 1975, sold to the Princeton University Art Museum.
Notes:
[1] According to Robert Sonin archive, Notebook 3, Rolls 208-210. The slides are date-stamped April 1971. Additionally, the work was exhibited in the exhibition The Maya Scribe and His World at the Grolier Club, New York, from April 20 to June 5, 1971, according to installation photographs in the curatorial files.
- Michael D. Coe, The Maya Scribe and His World (New York: The Grolier Club, 1973)., cat. no. 11, 37 (illus.)
- "Acquisitions of the Art Museum 1975," Record of the Art Museum, Princeton University, 35, no. 1 (1976): p. 22-31., p. 23 (illus.)
- Michael D. Coe, Lords of the Underworld: Masterpieces of Classic Maya Ceramics (Princeton: Princeton University Art Museum, 1978), cat. no. 20, p. 130
- Jill Leslie McKeever Furst and Peter T. Furst, Pre-Columbian Art of Mexico (New York: Abbeville Press, 1980)., p. 52 (illus.)
- Francis Robiscek, The Maya Book of the Dead: The Ceramic Codex (Charlottesville: University of Virginia Art Museum, 1981)., fig. 14, p. 113 (illus.)
- Mary Ellen Miller, The Murals of Bonampak (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1986)., fig. 38 (illus.)
- Linda Schele and Mary E. Miller, The Blood of Kings: Dynasty and Ritual in Maya Art (New York and Fort Worth, George Braziller, Inc. and Kimbell Art Museum, 1986)., pl. 93, p. 228 (illus.)
- Gillett G. Griffin, "In Defense of the Collector," National Geographic vol. 169, no. 4 (April 1986): 462-465., pp. 462–465, p. 464 (illus.)
- Allen Rosenbaum and Francis F. Jones, Selections from The Art Museum, Princeton University, (Princeton, NJ: The Art Museum, Princeton University, 1986), p. 79 (illus.)
- Barbara Kerr and Justin Kerr, "Some Observations on Maya Vase Painters," in Maya Iconography, eds. Elizabeth P. Benson and Gillett G. Griffin (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1988)., figs. 7.11b and 7.13b, pp. 236–259 (illus.)
- Marvin Cohodas, "Transformations: Relationships between Image and Text in the Ceramic Paintings of the Metropolitan Master," in Word and Image in Maya Culture: Explorations in Language, Writing, and Representation, ed. William F. Hanks and Don S. R (Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press, 1989)., fig. 14.11 (illus. rollout)
- Terence Grieder, Artist and Audience (New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, 1990)., p. 384 (illus.)
- Michael Olmert, Smithsonian Book of Books (Washington: Smithsonian Books, 1992)., p. 236 (illus.)
- Gregorio Arribas and Manuel Pijoan, trans., Los Reinos Perdidos de los Mayas (Barcelona/Washington D.C.: RBA Publications/National Geographic Society, 1993)., pp. 56–57 (illus.)
- Gene S. Stuart and George E. Stuart, Lost Kingdoms of the Maya (Washington, D.C.: National Geographic Society, 1993)., pp. 56–57 (illus. rollout)
- Sophie D. Coe, America's First Cuisines (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1994)., cover (illus.), p. 142
- Dorie Reents-Budet, Painting the Maya Universe: Royal Ceramics of the Classic Period (Durham and London: Duke University Press, 1994)., cat. no. 17, 322
- Steve J. Stern, "The Tricks of Time: Colonial Legacies and Historical Sensibilities inLatin America," Princeton University Library Chronicle, vol. LVII, no. 3, (Spring 1996): 373., p. 353 (illus.)
- Michael D. Coe and Justin Kerr, The Art of the Maya Scribe (New York: Harry N. Abrams, 1997)., fig. 68, p. 103 (illus. detail)
- Adam Herring, "A Royal Artist at Naranjo: Notes on a Late Classic Maya Cylinder Vessel," Yale University Art Gallery Bulletin (1995-1996): 34-47., fig. 3, pp. 34–47 (illus. rollout)
- Caroline E. Tate, "Writing on the face of the moon: Women's products, archetypes, and power in ancient Maya civilization," in Manifesting Power: Gender and the Interpretation of Power in Archaeology, ed. Tracey Sweely (London; New York: Routledge, 1999)., fig. 5.2, pp. 81–102 (illus.)
- Nikolai Grube, ed., Maya: Gottkönige im Regenwald (Köln: Könemann Verlagsgesellschaft, 2000)., p. 451 (illus.)
- Terry G. Powis et al., "Spouted Vessels and Cacao Use among the Preclassic Maya," Latin American antiquity 13, no. 1 (2002): 85-106., fig. 8b, pp. 85–106 (illus.)
- Daniel Schávelzon, Treinta siglos de imágenes : maquetas y representaciones de arquitectura en México y América Central prehispánica (Buenos Aires: Ediciones Fundación CEPPA, 2004)., p. 192 (illus. rollout drawing)
- Mary E. Miller and Simon Martin, Courtly Art of the Ancient Maya (San Francisco: Fine Arts Museum of San Fransisco, 2004)., pl. 13, p. 42 (illus., image reversed)
- Allen Rosenbaum, "'Gillett and Me': How a Eurocentric Museum Director Learned to Love Pre-Columbian Art," Record of the Princeton University Art Museum 64 (2005): 8-19., p. 13, fig. 7
- Barbara Kerr and Justin Kerr, "The Way of God L: The Princeton Vase Revisited," Record of the Princeton University Art Museum 64 (2005): 71-79., fig. 8, p. 75
- Stephen D. Houston, David Stuart, and Karl Taube, The Memory of Bones: Body, Being, and Experience among the Classic Maya (Austin: University of Texas Press, 2006)., fig. 1.53, pp. 49–50; fig. 7.2, p. 229
- Princeton University Art Museum: Handbook of the Collection (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2007), p. 265 (illus.)
- Erik Velásquez García, "El Vaso de Princeton: Un ejemplo del estilo códice," Arqueología Mexicana 16, no. 93 (Oct., 2008): 51-59., pp. 51–59 (illus.)
- "Mysteries of the Maya: the rise, glory and collapse of an ancient civilization," National Geographic Collector's Edition (Washington, D.C.: National Geographic Society, 2008)., p. 94 (illus.)
- Ana García Barrios, "Chaahk, el Dios de la Lluvia, en el Periodo Clásico Maya: Aspectos Religiosos y Políticos" (PhD diss. unpublished, Universidad Compultense de Madrid, 2008)., fig. 1.56 (illus.)
- "Los Codices Mayas", in Códices prehispánicos y coloniales tempranos, (Mexico, D.F.: Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia, 2009). , p. 10-11 (illus.)
- Stephen D. Houston et al., Veiled Brightness: A History of Ancient Maya Color (Austin, University of Texas Press, 2009)., fig. 1.1b (illus. rollout)
- Sarah E. Jackson, "Imagining Courtly Communities: An Exploration of Classic Maya Experiences of Status and Identity through Painted Ceramic Vessels," Ancient Mesoamerica 20, no. 1 (Spring, 2009): p. 71-85., fig. 6, pp. 71–85 (illus. rollout line drawing)
- Erik Velásquez García, "Reflections on the Codex Style and the Princeton Vessel," The PARI Journal 10, no. 1 (2009): 1-16., p. 1–16
- Stephen D. Houston and Karl A. Taube, "La sexualidad entre los antiguos mayas," Arqueología Mexicana 18, no. 104 (Jul.-Aug., 2010): p. 38-45., p. 43 (illus.)
- Justin Kerr, "The Maya Cylinder: A Short History Unrolled," in Adventures in Pre-Columbian Studies: Essays in Honor of Elizabeth P. Benson, ed. Julie Jones (Washington D.C.: Pre-Columbian Society of Washington, D.C.): 99-118., fig. 26 (illus.)
- Marc Zender, "Baj 'Hammer' and Related Affective Verbs in Classic Mayan," The PARI Journal 11, no. 2 (2010): 1-16., fig. 3b, pp. 10–16 (illus. line detail drawing)
- Bryan R. Just, Dancing into Dreams: Maya Vase Painting of the Ik' Kingdom (Princeton, Princeton University Art Museum, 2012)., fig. 71a, p. 137
- Princeton University Art Museum: Handbook of the Collections (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Art Museum, 2013), p. 317
- Daniela Soleri, Marcus Winter, Steven R. Bozarth, and W. Jeffrey Hurst, "Archaeological Residues and Recipes: Exploratory Testing for Evidence of Maize and Cacao Beverages in Postclassic Vessels from the Valley of Oaxaca," Latin American antiquity 24, no. 3 (2013): p. 345-362.
- Alexandre Tokovinine and Dmitri Beliaev, “People of the Road: Traders and Travelers in Ancient Maya Words and Images,” in Merchants, Markets, and Exchange in the Pre-Columbian World, Kenneth G. Hirth and Joanne Pillsbury, eds., (Washington D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks, 2013), pp. 169–200 , fig. 7.16b (illus.; detail, line drawing)
- Alejandra Martínez de Velasco Cotrina and María Elena Vega Villalobos, eds. The Maya: Voices in Stone, 2nd ed. (Mexico City; Madrid: Turner/Ámbar Diseño, A ́mbar Disen~o: Universidad Nacional Auto ́noma de Me ́xico: Turner, 2015)., fig. 160 (illus.)
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Matthew Looper, The Beast Between: Deer in Maya Art and Culture (Austin: University of Texas Press, 2019)
, Fig. 5.5 (illus.)
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The Maya Scribe and His World (April 20–June 5, 1971)
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Lords of the Underworld (Saturday, March 04, 1978 - Sunday, June 18, 1978)
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The Blood of Kings: Dynasty and Ritual in Maya Art (May 17 - December 14, 1986)
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Courtly Art of the Ancient Maya (April 4, 2004–January 2, 2005)
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An Educated Eye: The Princeton University Art Museum Collection (Friday, February 22, 2008 - Sunday, June 15, 2008)
